Penerapan Prinsip Keadilan dalam Pembagian Risiko Kontrak Proyek Oil And Gas
Keywords:
contractual fairness, risk allocation, oil and gas projects, EPC, FIDIC
Abstract
Oil and gas projects are characterized by high technical complexity, large capital investment, and significant risk exposure, including technical, cost and time, health and safety (HSE), environmental, commercial, and regulatory risks. Contract design in oil and gas projectsparticularly EPC/EPCI contracts and Production Sharing Contracts (PSC)often raises issues of fairness in risk allocation between project owners and contractors. Imbalanced risk allocation practices tend to increase bid prices, trigger claims, and lead to contractual disputes. This article analyzes the application of fairness principles in risk allocation for oil and gas project contracts using a qualitativenormative approach through literature review and doctrinal analysis. The study integrates project risk allocation concepts, theories of fairness in contract law, and international standard practices such as FIDIC 2017 and knock-for-knock clauses. The findings indicate that fairness in risk allocation can be operationalized through criteria of control, capability, riskreward symmetry, procedural transparency, and systemic impact. This article proposes a Fairness-Oriented Risk Allocation Framework (FORAF) as a conceptual approach to evaluate and design fairer risk allocation in oil and gas contracts. The framework is expected to reduce dispute potential and enhance the sustainability and performance of oil and gas projects, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia.
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References
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Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Gao, Y., & Ding, X. (2016). Contractual Governance: Effects of Risk Allocation on Contractors’ Cooperative Behavior in Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(6), 04016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001111
Aibinu, A.A. (2006). The relationship between distribution of control, fairness and potential for dispute in the claims handling process. Construction Management and Economics, 24(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500226954
Akal, A.Y. (2022). What Are the Readability Issues in Sub-Contracting’s Tender Documents? Buildings, 12(6), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060839
Ameyaw, E.E., Hu, Y., Shan, M., Chan, A.P.C., & Le, Y. (2016). Application of Delphi method in construction engineering and management research: A quantitative perspective. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 22(8), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.945953
Andi. (2006). The importance and allocation of risks in Indonesian construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 24(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190500310338
Ayalew, Y.E. (2017). Risk Allocation Norms of Civil Construction Contracts in Ethiopia. Mizan Law Review, 11(2), 440–456. https://doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v11i2.9
Baradari, F., Nopiah, Z.M., Ja’afar, S., & Wan Dahalan, W.S.A. (2022). Critical Risk Factors of Joint Venture Projects in the Oil and Gas Industry between Malaysia and Thailand. International Journal of Global Optimization and Its Application, 1(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijgoia.v1i1.14
Barnes, M. (1983). How to allocate risks in construction contracts. International Journal of Project Management, 1(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(83)90034-0
Bunni, N.G. (2003). Risk and Insurance in Construction (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203476543
Coase, R.H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1086/466560
Ertl, H. (2019). Risk allocation in the FIDIC forms of contract, and the Emerald Book’s place in the Rainbow Suite. In Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation Meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art (pp. 4462–4467). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429424441-472
Hemanth Sai Kalyan, B., Sekar, A., Sindhu Nachiar, S., & Ravichandran, P.T. (2022). Discerning Recurrent Factors in Construction Disputes through Judicial Case Studies—An Indian Perspective. Buildings, 12(12), 2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122229
Kadefors, A. (2005). Fairness in interorganizational project relations: Norms and strategies. Construction Management and Economics, 23(8), 871–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190500184238
Kashwani, G., & Nielsen, Y. (2017). Evaluation of safety engineering system in oil and gas construction projects in UAE. International Journal of GEOMATE, 12(29), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.29.97136
Kassem, M.A., Khoiry, M.A., & Hamzah, N. (2019). Risk factors in oil and gas construction projects in developing countries: A case study. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 13(4), 846–861. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-11-2018-0002
Kassem, M.A. (2022). Risk Management Assessment in Oil and Gas Construction Projects Using Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Gases, 2(2), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases2020003
Klee, L. (2015). Appendix E: FIDIC Forms Risk Allocation Charts. In International Construction Contract Law. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118717868.app5
Khalilzadeh, M., Banihashemi, S.A., Heidari, A., Orazani, S.M.H., & Taebi, P. (2025). Risk management in the production phase of oil and gas projects: evaluating risk responses and their impact on safety and damage reduction. Discover Civil Engineering, 2, 91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-025-00250-8
Lam, K.C., Wang, D., Lee, P.T.K., & Tsang, Y.T. (2007). Modelling risk allocation decision in construction contracts. International Journal of Project Management, 25(5), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.11.005
Likhitruangsilp, V., & Ioannou, P.G. (2009). Risk Allocation in Standard Forms of General Conditions for Tunneling Contracts. In Construction Research Congress 2009. https://doi.org/10.1061/41020(339)127
Lin, Q. (2023). Trust or fairness is more important: Research on the mechanism of contract risk allocation inducing contractor to consummate performance behavior. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering (atau jurnal pada DOI). https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2172323
Melnyk, O. (2023). ÖNORM B 2203-1 as a Supplement to FIDIC Emerald Book in Conventional Tunnel Construction. Buildings, 13(7), 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071837
Parisi, F., & Bix, B.H. (2025). Fairness in contract law: An impossibility theorem? European Journal of Law and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-025-09858-8
Peckiene, A., Komarovska, A., & Ustinovicius, L. (2013). Overview of Risk Allocation between Construction Parties. Procedia Engineering, 57, 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.113
Rodionov, D., Gataullin, M., Smirnova, I., Konnikov, E., Kryzhko, D., & Shmatko, A. (2023). Risk Modeling in the Oil and Gas Industry. International Journal of Technology, 14(8), 1663–1674. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v14i8.6852
Sani, W., Hamid, A., & Baba, I. (2017). Risk Management Framework in Oil Field Development Project by Enclosing Fishbone Analysis. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 7(2), 446–452. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.2.1499
Saptarini, D.A., & Nainggolan, Y.A. (2022). Risk Management in Oil and Gas Field Development Project with Marginal Resources: A Case in Mature Field in East Kalimantan. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(5), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.5.1629
Tanriverdi, C., Atasoy, G., Dikmen, I., & Birgonul, M.T. (2021). Causal mapping to explore emergence of construction disputes. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 27(5), 288–302. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.14900
Twyford, J. (2007). Risk allocation in construction contracts. In R. Best & G. de Valence (Eds.), Design and Construction: Building in Value. Routledge. (DOI chapter: 10.4324/9780080491080-14)
Yanuar, R., Saputro, A., & Sami’an, S. (2025). Sustainability of Infrastructure Development in Indonesia: A Legal Analysis of Price Adjustments in Construction Contracts. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 6(2), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v6i2.385
Yin, Y., Lin, Q., Xiao, W., & Yin, H. (2020). Impacts of Risk Allocation on Contractors’ Opportunistic Behavior: The Moderating Effect of Trust and Control. Sustainability, 12(22), 9604. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229604
Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Gao, Y., & Ding, X. (2016). Contractual Governance: Effects of Risk Allocation on Contractors’ Cooperative Behavior in Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(6), 04016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001111
Published
2026-01-20
Section
Original Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ramdhan, Samian Samian
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