Determinan Keberhasilan Implementasi Contractor Safety Management System (CSMS) pada Industri Risiko Tinggi: Suatu Tinjauan Sistematis Berbasis Protokol Prisma 2020
Abstract
Kecelakaan kerja melibatkan kontraktor yang mengakibatkan dampak signifikan terhadap keselamatan pekerja, produktivitas, dan reputasi organisasi. Contractor Safety Management System (CSMS) merupakan kerangka pengelolaan risiko keselamatan kontraktor yang komprehensif, namun implementasinya sering menghadapi hambatan khususnya pada fase operasional (Work in Progress) di industri risiko tinggi. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor dominan yang menentukan keberhasilan atau kegagalan implementasi CSMS pada fase operasional di industri risiko tinggi, serta mensintesis temuan lintas industri (konstruksi, migas, manufaktur) dalam konteks Indonesia maupun internasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan protokol Systematic Literature Review (SLR) sesuai pedoman PRISMA 2020. Pencarian dilakukan pada database Google Scholar, Garuda, Dimensions, DOAJ, dan ScienceDirect dengan periode publikasi 2019-2025. Kajian ini mengidentifikasi lima faktor kritis keberhasilan CSMS: (1) kepemimpinan dan komitmen manajemen; (2) program komunikasi dan promosi; (3) program evaluasi risiko; (4) program manajemen kontraktor dan supplier; (5) program pelatihan dan kompetensi. Hambatan utama pada fase operasional mencakup gap antara dokumen administratif dan implementasi lapangan, rendahnya kompetensi pengawas, serta alokasi budget K3 yang tidak memadai. Implementasi CSMS yang berhasil memerlukan pendekatan holistik yang mengintegrasikan komitmen manajemen, pengawasan operasional berkelanjutan, pengembangan kompetensi, dan alokasi sumber daya yang tepat. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan mengenai digitalisasi CSMS dan model alokasi budget untuk meningkatkan efektivitas implementasi.
Downloads
References
Alaloul, W. S., Ammad, U., Saad, S., & Qureshi, A. H. (2021). Critical factors influencing construction safety performance: A scoping review. Safety Science, 147, 105543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105543
Burke, M. J., Sarpy, S. A., Smith-Crowe, K., Chan-Serafin, S., Tesluk, P. E., & Salvador, R. O. (2006). Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 315-324. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840
Campbell Institute. (2014). Contractor safety in a complex world: A research report on best practices for managing contractor safety. National Safety Council. https://www.thecampbellinstitute.org/
Dale, A. M., Evanoff, B. A., Hirschinger, A., Gaal, J., Rios, E. M., Schaal, S., Malloy, E. J., Hayibor, L., Nolan, J., & Schulte, P. A. (2021). Flow-down of safety from general contractors to subcontractors in residential and commercial construction. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 64(7), 625-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23252
Dingsdag, D. P., Eadie, R., Cheshire, P., & Gibb, A. (2018). Occupational safety and health in construction: A review of worker injury data and literature (Research Report RR648). Health and Safety Executive.
Dwiastuti, M., Sutomo, & Julianto. (2021). Efektivitas kompetensi pelatihan berbasis kompetensi bagi pekerja konstruksi di Sumatera Barat: Aplikasi model Kirkpatrick. Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas, 15(3), 212-225.
Eze, E., Adeyemi, O., & Ezeibe, C. C. (2016). Health and safety management on construction projects: Issues, challenges and strategies. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 6(21), 112-129.
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2019). Contractor safety management program: Guidance document. Department of Tourism, Industry and Innovation.
Hermawan, N. S. A., Prabowo, T., Santoso, B., & Herdani, A. (2024). Implementasi contractor safety management system (CSMS) di PT PLN UP3 Cikupa: Evaluasi kepatuhan enam elemen K3. Jurnal Manajemen Keselamatan Kerja, 8(1), 78-95.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2011). Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems (ILO-OSH 2001). ILO.
Ismail, Z., Doostdar, S., & Harun, Z. (2012). Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites. Safety Science, 50(3), 418-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.10.001
Johansson, T., Kvist, J., & Karlsson, K. (2024). Human and organizational factors in construction safety: A system dynamics perspective on site supervision. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 30(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2024.2301234
Kaskutas, V., Dale, A. M., Rios, E. M., Evanoff, B. A., & Schulte, P. A. (2013). A safety competency framework approach for worker safety training. Journal of Safety Research, 44, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2012.08.014
Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat. (2021). Peraturan Menteri PUPR Nomor 10 Tahun 2021 tentang Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Konstruksi (SMKK). Kementerian PUPR.
Kim, Y., & Kim, S. (2023). Allocating safety cost using activity-based costing in construction site. Tehni?ki Glasnik, 17(4), 594-597. https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20230815110255
Liang, Z. X., Cao, J. L., & Kim, J. (2020). Development of a systematic approach to continuous safety improvement programs. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(8), 04020091. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001884
Lim, C. L., Selvachandran, G., & Reni, S. (2023). IoT-based application for construction site safety monitoring: Cost-benefit analysis and real-time effectiveness. International Journal of Construction Management, 23(8), 1415-1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1847405
Nurcahyo, R., Setiawan, F., & Dwiputera, A. (2024). Analisis implementasi contractor safety management system (CSMS) pada proyek konstruksi Kutanegara: Gap antara fase administrasi dan operasional. Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil, 18(2), 156-175. https://doi.org/10.25105/jrs.v18i2.15678
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2016). Safety and health management systems (OSHA Publication 3886). U.S. Department of Labor.
Padu, M. S., Siagian, E., & Simbolon, S. (2024). Evaluasi penerapan contractor safety management system (CSMS) di PT PLN Nusantara Power Construction: Tantangan dan solusi. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia, 12(1), 88-108.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2012). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 50 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3). Sekretariat Negara.
Ren, X., Zhou, H., Liu, Y., Wang, G., & Chen, Y. (2024). Human and organizational factors for structural safety in construction: A systematic review. Buildings, 14(12), 3901. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123901
Ridley, J., & Channing, J. (2008). Safety at work (8th ed.). Routledge.
Saputera, D., Wijaya, H., & Suryadi. (2025). Pelaksanaan contractor safety management system (CSMS) pada perusahaan kontraktor migas di Indonesia: Analisis faktor kegagalan implementasi. Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, 14(3), 112-130.
Shohet, I. M., Puterman, M., & Zwikael, O. (2018). Optimal allocation of resources in construction safety. Safety Science, 104, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.01.012
Trimedya, S., Hermawan, N. S. A., Syarif, A., Dwiputera, A., & Pangestu, D. (2019). Analisis implementasi contractor safety management system (CSMS) pada tahap implementasi di PT XYZ. Jurnal Serambi Engineering, 5(2), 45-62.
Utami, S., Setiawan, B., & Karmawan. (2024). Implementation study of construction safety management system (SMKK) pada kontraktor kecil dan menengah di Bandar Lampung. Jurnal Teknik Konstruksi, 9(2), 234-251.
Wahyuono, D. E., Ratnasari, Y., & Suhandi. (2023). Penerapan contractor safety management system (CSMS) pada tahap pra kualifikasi di PT UES menggunakan gap analysis. G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Industri, 8(3), 45-58.
Wahyuono, D. E., Sulistio, H., & Rahman, Y. (2022). Analisis penerapan contractor safety management system (CSMS) pada PT X Bontang, East Kalimantan: Studi kasus implementasi PDCA cycle. The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (IJOSH), 11(1), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v11i1.2022.45-63
Waqar, A., Alaloul, W. S., Liew, M. S., Hassan, N. I., & Usmani, A. (2024). Critical factors influencing construction safety management in developing countries: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020184
Yoon, S., Cho, S., Oh, K., & Ock, S. Y. (2013). Investigating the experience of the construction safety and health management system in Korea: An empirical study. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(7), 840-849. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000658
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmud Husain, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
